Comparative Paper 2 Outline

Prompt 1:

1) Pride can lead to failure and self-destruction or to accomplishment and self-fulfillment. Discuss the presentation of pride and its consequences in at least two of the works you have studied.

Outline:

Thesis: By establishing the two characters Okonkwo and Said Mahran as tragic heroes, the two authors, Chinua Achebe and Naguib Mahfouz, outline how pride can lead to failure and self – destruction.

T.S. 1: by maintaining specific characteristics within the characters of Okonkwo and Said, Achebe and Mahfouz are able to depict him as the archetype of a tragic hero.

T.S. 2:

T.S. 3: the relationship that the authors form between the characters’ pride and their ultimate death support the self-destructive notions of pride.

Prompt 2:

2) How are challenges to authority presented in the two works you have studied, and what impact have such challenges had on readers or audiences?

Outline:

Thesis: By maintaining the conventions of social commentary, the two literary works presented by Chinua Achebe and Naguib Mahfouz can be seen as a vehicle in which to take a stance against aspects of the political rule during their respective contexts of production.

T.S. 1: something about social commentary

T.S. 2: The two pieces of literature by Achebe and Mahfouz were both published during times of political change and both authors felt oppressed.

T.S. 3: The feelings of oppression and anxiety felt by the majority of the populations in Nigeria and Egypt at the time are reflected by the characters of Okonkwo and Said respectively. 

The Thief and The Dogs Passage Analysis

Passage:

Said eyed a statue of a Chinese god, a perfect embodiment of dignity and repose. "I

learned tailoring in prison."

"So you want to set up a tailoring shop?" said Rauf with surprise.

"Certainly not," Said replied quietly.

"What then?"

Said looked at him. "In my whole life I've mastered only one trade."

"You're going back to burglary?" Rauf seemed almost alarmed.

"It's most rewarding, as you know."

"As I know! How the hell do I know?"

"Why are you so angry?" Said gave him a surprised look. "I meant as you know from

my past. Isn't it so?"

Rauf lowered his eyes as if trying to assess the sincerity of Said's remark, clearly unable

to maintain his bonhomie, and looking for a way to end the meeting. "Listen, Said. Things are

no longer what they used to be. In the past, you were both a thief and my friend, for reasons you

well know. Now the situation has changed. If you go back to burglary you'll be a thief and

nothing else."

Dashed by Rauf's unaccommodating frankness, Said sprang to his feet. Then he stifled

his agitation, sat down again, and said quietly, "All right. Choose a job that's suitable for me."

"Any job, no matter what. You do the talking, I'll listen."

"I should be happy," Said began, without obvious irony, "to work as a journalist on your

paper. I'm a well-educated man and an old disciple of yours. Under your supervision, I've read

countless books, and you often testified to my intelligence."

Analysis:

This passage reveals Said’s hubris and excessive pride, and ultimately the role it plays in leading to his misfortune. Said’s pride is first communicated when he is described as eyeing “a statue of a Chinese God, a perfect embodiment of dignity and repose”. Mahfouz does this to allow the reader to assume that Said feels a connection to the God and views himself on a divine level.

Through the dialogue between Rauf and Said it becomes clear that Said’s pride deems him unable to make a change in his life for the better. This is exemplified in the passage through the egotistic tone that Mahfouz employs in defining Said’s replies to Rauf’s advice. For instance, when asked if he would like to open a tailoring shop, he replied almost with disgust saying “certainly not” also describing it as a menial job. This in turn results in a tense mood between the two characters and Rauf’s complete loss of respect towards Said after he suggests going back to burglary. Said’s pride is further emphasized when he suggests working as a journalist for Rauf, a job usually requiring a university education and experience – both of which Said does not possess. The unfolding of this dialogue, further reinforces the characterization of Said as prideful and introduces the reader to his hubris. Mahfouz also reveals to the reader how Said’s hubris ultimately led to his misfortune with Rauf, possibly to characterize Said as a tragic hero and also to foreshadow the coming events and misfortunes in the plot.

Furthermore, Said’s surprise at Rauf’s anger when he reveals he wants to go back into burglary conveys the gap that Said has in the way people perceive him and the way he perceives himself. Through claiming that Said had a “surprised look” after Rauf gets angry at him, Mahfouz suggests that Said sees no problem with the life that he leads. This discrepancy between Said’s perception of himself and other’s perception of him remains an essential part of the text, most importantly when he acquits himself of murder in a dream.

The passage also reveals Said’s tendency to resist change which Mahfouz introduces to suggest it as Said’s tragic flaw. Despite being urged to make a positive change in his life, Said intends to resort back to the trade that is “most rewarding” burglary. This resistance to change is also what ultimately leads to his death later in the novel as he is unable to move on from the past and is concerned with exacting revenge no matter the consequences. This is employed by Mahfouz to possibly reflect the context of production concerned with the Egyptian revolution. Essentially, he may be suggesting to the Egyptian people that having rigid ideologies under a corrupt government will lead to more harm than good. 

Paper 2 Outline

‘With regards to Thief and the Dogs, explain why Naguib Mahfouz may have chosen to depict events in a particular sequence or order.’

Thesis: Mahfouz chooses to follow a linear chronological timeline while including flashbacks to provide context for events in the novel as well as reflect the context of production in the novel.

T.S. 1: By using flashbacks throughout the novel, Naguib provides the reader with essential information to enhance the present events.

T.S. 2: The two steps forward one step back nature of the flashback narration reflects the Egyptian people’s frustration during the context of production.

T.S. 3: 

The Stream of Consciousness in The Thief and The Dogs

The Thief and the dogs was revolutionary in the sense that it was the first Arab novel to employ the stream of consciousness narrative technique. The technique allows the reader to experience the character’s thoughts in the same way the character does, and can provide another level of insight into the actions and motivations of the characters in a story. In the Thief and the dogs the technique is used in reference to the main protagonist in the novel, Said Mahran.

One of the primary ways Naguib employs the stream of consciousness technique is to further characterize the character of Said, in addition to the remaining characters in the story. In the early chapters of the story, Said seems to think of himself as a dangerous man “Here is a man--a man who can dive like a fish, fly like a hawk, scale walls like a rat, pierce solid doors like a bullet!”. His thoughts reveal his confidence and introduce the raw anger that drives the plot of the story “that woman who sprang from filth, from vermin, from treachery and infidelity”. Yet the reader also witnesses undertones of paranoia and instability “so study the road carefully, and what’s on it. Those shops for instance, where the men are staring at you, cowering like mice.” This begins to foreshadow and hint at Said’s future descent into madness. This technique also helps reveal to the reader the extreme feelings of rejection that he faced when meeting his daughter and the love he has for her. This plays a big role in allowing the reader to understand his motives for revenge and see his perspective on the situation. Naguib does this to build sympathy towards Said from the reader, characterizing him as a tragic hero.

Furthermore, Naguib utilizes the stream of consciousness narration to develop the underlying plot and conflicts in the story through flashbacks and reminiscences. In chapter 11 the reader witnesses a series of evoked reminiscences revealing the level of love and romanticism that Said encountered with Nabbawiyya and the young and flirtatious courtship of her. This introduces the reader to Said’s perspective of the circumstances in an attempt to communicate with the reader Said’s feelings of betrayal and his justifications for revenge. We as the readers, through the flashbacks, also discover more about the past events that have lead to Said’s growing feelings of paranoia and mental instability. Essentially this develops Said’s internal conflict of the past vs the present which culminates with Said’s mental breakdown when Nur doesn’t return home.

The flashbacks also reveal themes relating to Naguib’s context of production reflecting the feelings of disappointment in the revolution and betrayal from the Egyptian leaders; this is exemplified through Said’s memory of being rejected healthcare due to his lower economic status leading to his mother’s death. Therefore, the stream of consciousness can be seen as a vehicle to communicate Naguib’s personal opinions on the current sociopolitical setting in Egypt, which maintains the novel as a form of social commentary. Furthermore, Said’s thoughts throughout the novel can also be seen to reflect Naguib’s. For instance, we see a very opinionated rant from Said’s perspective in reference to Rauf’s newfound wealth; this can essentially be viewed as Naguib’s stance on the topic of economic instability and the unbalanced dispersion of wealth across the population. The consistent feelings of pursuit that Said faces can also reflect Naguib’s own feelings of pursuit at the time as a result of the oppression of intellectuals under the new regime.

Texts In Translation

Translated texts are rarely read in the world of English literature, with many readers resorting to reading texts originally written in English. It is incorrectly perceived that translated texts can be inaccurate to the original story and provide no additional benefits to reading literature originally composed in English; in fact, the translation of texts is a literary masterpiece in itself, and although riddled with challenges, the studying of texts in translation can prove rewarding. 

First and foremost, studying translated literary texts can provide the reader with a much greater understanding of the cultural, historical and social contexts of the language it was originally written in. For example, in the Nobel Prize-winning Egyptian Author Naguib Mahfouz’ novel, the 'Thief and the Dogs', the reader can witness an accurate representation of the social and cultural context of Cairo.

Furthermore, translated texts allow readers from one literary culture to experience a completely different literary culture and gain from the wealth of new conventions and literary structures. On the other hand, translating literature can bring forth substantial difficulties involving an attempt to maintain the specific style of the original writer and the accurate portrayal of the author’s main ideas. This is particularly evident in the difficulty of translating religious references, character names, proverbs, symbols, and idioms. This is defined by the way their meaning is shaped by an understanding of cultural and social contexts relating to the specific language or culture. Inadequate translations may also change the text completely, possibly as a result of misinterpretation or lack of care in the translation. Translators may also face the occasional non-translatable word, where the meaning of one word in a language cannot be produced an another.

Translating from one language into another may also result in a greater extent of conciseness in the language of translation as a result of the different attributes of that language. This at times can serve to make the original author's purpose or point clearer, and draw attention to certain things. 

This Is Water

‘This Is Water’ is a commencement speech presented by David Foster Wallace in 2005. In it he discusses the overlooked aspect of real life, and demonstrates the way humans are naturally self-centered. However, one of his more interesting ideas is his theory on higher education. He claims that education teaches you “how to exercise some control over how and what you think. It means being conscious and aware enough to choose what to pay attention to and to choose how you construct meaning from experience”. Wallace essentially claims that education teaches you how to choose what and how to think about something.

In this sense, I tend to agree with what Wallace claims, and this is most likely attributed to my recent experience with the literary work of Alice Munro. After Reading a wide range of stories written by Alice Munro, it is clear how being educated about the characters throughout the story may allow the reader to adopt new perspectives from which to think from. What makes Munro’s stories particularly convenient in demonstrating an understanding of Wallace’s theory is that they encourage the readers to think. Munro provides readers with so much insight into the relatable day to day lives of her characters. This also supports Wallace’s idea that it is most important to control your thoughts to survive day to day life. Therefore, when reading the story, the reader is encouraged to make assumptions about the characters and explore the way they think of them. At the beginning of ‘Royal Beatings’, we hear a description of Flo and the father, through Rose’s perspective and we immediately assume that the Rose leads a miserable life and think “what a poor girl”, this is supported by further descriptions of Flo as a repulsive woman. However, as the story progresses we see the other side of the story, and realize that Rose encourages Flo’s anger and frustration, and that Flo is attempting to connect with her new family due to her pity on the single father, despite her being slightly estranged due to her lack of education. 

Thesis Statement and Outline

Thesis Statement

 In Things Fall Apart Achebe attempts to compare the conflicting realms of Igbo society and colonial civilization shaped by his own desire to reconnect with Igbo culture and explore the seemingly hegemonic acceptance of missionaries. 

Topic Sentences

T.S. 1: Achebe uses the characterization of Obeirika to distance Igbo society from their social and cultural values and traditions and demonstrate a social transition towards colonialism.

T.S. 2: Achebe's development of Okonkwo as a pseudo-biographical character serves to establish similarities in the absence of inherited sense of identity and a renegotiation of a relationship with the Igbo traditions. 

T.S. 3: An attempt at relating cultural aspects of the Igbo and the western world is demonstrated in the way Achebe chooses to oversee some factors of Igbo culture exemplified in the novel by the way he only focuses on Ekwefi rather than the polygamous nature of marriage.  

Conclusion: Ultimately, however, with the death of Okonkwo and the events leading up to it, Achebe suggests that society must progress forward, an idea reflected in his Christian upbringing 

Thesis Statement

Thesis Statement: "In Things Fall Apart, Achebe uses the Character of Obierika as a foil to that of Okonkwo in order to highlight the conflict and contrast between static and dynamic society, ultimately suggesting that in order to survive a society must accept change." 

Okonkwo as A Tragic Hero

“Things Fall Apart” by Chinua Achebe is widely regarded as a window into African Society before – and during – the arrival of the colonialists and missionaries. So why would Achebe decide to characterize the main character Okonkwo as a tragic hero?

A tragic hero is one that is ultimately defeated and usually killed at the end of the story, commonly as a result of their own actions. Tragic heroes usually follow a specific archetype encountering hamartia, hubris, anagnorisis, and ultimately death and/or defeat. Okonkwo seems to follow a similar path throughout the novel. From the onset of the story, we are introduced to the aggressive and determined nature of Okonkwo exemplified by his lack of patience with unsuccessful men. However, more importantly, we see a profound fear beginning to exude from his actions and of the perception of his father. This fear of failure and of looking week can be observed by the reader in Okonkwo's actions, specifically when he kills Ikemefuna despite being advised not to as the boy considers him as a father. Okonkwo's fear can most closely be attributed to his perception of his father as a weak and lazy "agbala" and the way their strained relationship drove Okonkwo to reject all things feminine and weak in men. 

However, in order to understand the true purpose of characterizing him as a tragic hero, we must understand the nature of a tragic hero, the hero at some points in the story is usually seen in a negative light and the author develops a dislike between the reader and their character. However, after the death of the character, the reader almost always feel remorse or empathy towards them feeling as though they received more punishment than they deserved. This can be linked back to the fine line Achebe must tread being a native African Christian convert. Therefore, Okonkwo can be seen as an embodiment of many values of Igbo Society demonstrating its functionality, however, his death suggests an end to one main idea, that of inflexibility and a lack of duality.  

Igbo Background Assignment

Before I begin I would like to thank Mr. Chamberlain for his speech and for sharing his views on colonization, many of which I’m afraid I disagree with. I would also like to acknowledge the honor of being able to stand before an organization as great as the Royal Colonial Institute.

It would be ludicrous to dispute the value of the British and European colonies. They provided direct monetary assets to the British Government and could be regarded as valuable possessions that defined the wealth of our great nation. These colonies were protected and maintained, first thought to be an eternal source of wealth. However, it appears the well has gone dry and the colonies were no longer a source of revenue. Having been a brilliant source of profit, it is a dismal matter to at last see this era come to an end. Over time, our nation has been regarded as the pinnacle of forward thinking and advancement. However, the idea of a new chapter of colonization introduced to us today is in all senses backward.

Supporters of this new colonial stage claim to colonize, capture and destroy in the name of liberty, happiness, and prosperity. They paint a savage picture of the native inhabitants of the colonial lands depicting them as mentally disturbed, subhuman beings, living in a hellish environment supporting a dysfunctional society. As a representative of the Igbo culture, currently under colonial threat in Northwestern Africa, I would like to present them as a sample of indigenous people in order to sway you into rethinking your approach to colonization.

The Igbo people comprise one of the most prominent and diverse ethnic groups in Africa amassing to around 15 million people. However, the Igbo people can hardly be regarded as a single people, made up of over 200 separate groups and dozens of different languages and dialects. Even their cultures differ slightly from one group to another. Therefore, under colonial rule, the Igbo people will most likely be combined leading to conflict and true dysfunctionality. They have occupied their land for over 2000 years proving their success as a society. They build machines, tools and develop simple mining and ironworking technologies contrary to popular beliefs depicting them as animals. The Igbo people live in autonomous villages ruled by their elders in a well-coordinated ruling system regulated by goodwill, mutual respect, and diplomacy. They also delegate different roles and chores in the community to the different age groups allowing for a functional and efficient manner of running their villages. Thus the Igbo define a society in all meanings of the word. The Igbo people even have values not yet established in British society. For instance, women are provided opportunities to progress and become a prominent individual and not just an extension of their husband. They also have religion, in fact, one similar to Christianity where they believe in a God, the devil, and a form of guardian angels. They have a judicial system punishing crimes and solving disputes.

Therefore, if advocates of a new colonial regime cite security, peace, and prosperity in addition to other societal benefits as the flagships of their colonization, then there is truly no need for them as the Igbo people and the thousands of other colonized peoples have already established a society, peace, security, and prosperity. 

Coriolanus Practice IOC

Igbo Society and Colonization

Before I begin I would like to thank Mr. Chamberlain for his speech and for sharing his views on colonization, many of which I’m afraid I disagree with. I would also like to acknowledge the honor of being able to stand before an organization as great as the Royal Colonial Institute.

It would be ludicrous to dispute the value of the British and European colonies. They provided direct monetary assets to the British Government and could be regarded as valuable possessions that defined the wealth of our great nation. These colonies were protected and maintained, first thought to be an eternal source of wealth. However, it appears the well has gone dry and the colonies were no longer a source of revenue. Having been a brilliant source of profit, it is a dismal matter to at last see this era come to an end. Over time, our nation has been regarded as the pinnacle of forward thinking and advancement. However, the idea of a new chapter of colonization introduced to us today is in all senses backward.

Supporters of this new colonial stage claim to colonize, capture and destroy in the name of liberty, happiness, and prosperity. They paint a savage picture of the native inhabitants of the colonial lands depicting them as mentally disturbed, subhuman beings, living in a hellish environment supporting a dysfunctional society. As a representative of the Igbo culture, currently under colonial threat in Northwestern Africa, I would like to present them as a sample of indigenous people in order to sway you into rethinking your approach to colonization.

The Igbo people from one of the most prominent and diverse ethnic groups in Africa amassing to around 15 million people. However, the Igbo people can hardly be regarded as a single people, made up of over 200 separate groups and dozens of different languages and dialects. Even their cultures differ slightly from one group to another. Therefore, under colonial rule, the Igbo people will most likely be combined leading to conflict and true dysfunctionality. They have occupied their land for over 2000 years proving their success as a society. They build machines, tools and develop simple mining and ironworking technologies contrary to popular beliefs depicting them as animals. The Igbo people live in autonomous villages ruled by their elders in a well-coordinated ruling system regulated by goodwill, mutual respect, and diplomacy. They also delegate different roles and chores in the community to the different age groups allowing for a functional and efficient manner of running their villages. Thus the Igbo define a society in all meanings of the word. The Igbo people even have values not yet established in British society. For instance, women are provided opportunities to progress and become a prominent individual and not just an extension of their husband. They also have religion, where they believe in a God the devil and a form of guardian angels. They have a judicial system punishing crimes and solving disputes.

Therefore, if advocates of a new colonial regime cite security, peace, and prosperity in addition to other societal benefits as the flagships of their colonization, then there is truly no need for them as the Igbo people and the thousands of other colonized peoples have already established society, peace, security, and prosperity. 

Chinua Achebe Inquiry Discussion

Today’s inquiry discussion led the group mostly towards the cultural aspect of Chinua Achebe’s work. Thus, my biggest takeaway from the discussion was a greater understanding of the true impact of colonialism in Nigeria and the upsetting of society that came as a result. While discussing this topic, i seemed to frequently reflect on a specific quote, "the white man has put a knife on the things that held us together, and we have fallen apart." I feel as though this quote embodies the effect of colonialism and the way it impacts the indigenous people. This quote is referring to the disruption of the social order and an upsetting of society. In the case of Nigeria, the British decimated the system that was previously in place and incorporated the many disparate and detached Igbo Civilizations into one. All the different religions, customs, habits and cultures were combined into one. This led to a new civilization and a “new reality” that the Igbo people had to adjust to drastically. This affixes with the ability of colonial powers to maintain control as was also discussed in today’s class. In order to assert power colonialists would combine different cultures, causing a tension between them allowing them to be governed with more ease. 

Freedom from Fear

Paper 1 – Freedom from Fear

The text being portrayed is Freedom from Fear a speech presented by Aung Sang Suu Kyi a political and human rights activist. The speech is most clearly identified as a political speech maintaining many of its stylistic and literary characteristics. One of which is the use of rhetorical devices, in addition to the use of powerful diction and emotional appeals and connotations in order to motivate people to advocate for a cause and gain support for the suggested ideology by justifying the claims. In this particular address, Suu Kyi employs specific linguistic choices to push forth her ideas of freedom and human rights while appealing to the intended audiences. Therefore, we can see that through the use of literary and stylistic choices across the speech and by corresponding with the characteristics of a political speech Suu Kyi is able to convey her influence most effectively.

Language is an effective medium to use when targeting an audience and Suu Kyi makes good use of this. The intended audience can be most closely identified as the Burmese Population and inhabitants due to the speech being initially presented in Burmese a language not common outside of Burma. Although, she also seems to be targeting a western audience as well which can be inferred from the later translation of the speech to English, the dominant language in the western world. Targeting the Burmese population, she is focusing on a population and a country where she already has influence and is most likely to induce change and is where she is hoping to make the biggest change as it is “within a system that denies the existence of basic human rights”. From the recurring idea of the speech, the idea of freedom, fearlessness and human rights we can assume that at the time the Burmese people are suffering from oppression and a lack of human rights. In the speech, Aung Sang Suu Kyi is advocating for freedom from fear and from oppression. Furthermore, the text also serves a more ambitious purpose, to instill courage and fearlessness into the people of Burma and spark a shift in their way of thinking in order to lead to independence claiming that they “must first learn to liberate their own minds from apathy and fear. This is further emphasized by rhetorical devices as will be discussed later.

Another key aspect of the speech that helps shape meaning in the text is the actual content and themes of the speech. She opens the speech by discussing the true essence of her revolution and her philosophy and carves a path to freedom and development in order to appeal to her audience that - as has been established previously – is facing oppression. A revolution that is “born of an intellectual conviction of the need for change in those mental attitudes and values which shape the course of a nation's development.” Also, by demonstrating knowledge and understanding on the topic using terminology such as “intellectual conviction”, “quintessential revolution” and so on. She is justifying her leadership and providing ethos. She then introduces the idea of “freedom from fear” and the first steps that will need to be taken in order to achieve liberation. Continuing with her idea of moral courage and fearlessness she relates back to her father’s ideas and personality reminding them of her relation to a respected national hero. She further justifies her ideas using previous historical examples of similar cases of oppression and their liberation and figures such as Mahatma Gandhi known for their moral fearlessness and intellect this can be interpreted as a form of logos. She concludes with a final push for motivation using emotion by appealing to the audience's fears. The “fear of imprisonment, fear of torture, fear of death …” fears that are very real for these people. The overarching themes in her speech are also clear and defined in order to have a lasting impact on the audience. Freedom from fear, gaining human rights and freedom from oppression can be identified as the main themes being communicated in the speech. These themes are emphasized through her use of specific diction with words such as “fearlessness”, “power”, “ruthless”, “freedom”, “liberate” and “courage”. Therefore, demonstrating the importance of her content and themes in conveying meaning.

Suu Kyi also utilizes tone and mood throughout the text in order to more effectively communicate her ideas with the audience. The tone Adopted by Aung San Suu Kyi is that of peace and guiding, and revolt and motivation. The balance between the peace and guidance and revolt and motivation was achieved by opening paragraphs with a peaceful tone and ending with motivation and revolt. This can be seen in the opening paragraph “the quintessential revolution is that of the spirit” this peaceful tone unites the people with this idea and introduces it well, although she concludes the paragraph with “there has to be a united determination to persevere in the struggle, to make sacrifices in the name of enduring truths, to resist the corrupting influences”. This intertwining of the two tones allows the speech to be most effective in gaining support and building motivation without becoming bossy and commanding. The mood of the text is also one of forward-thinking, initiative and hope. By using words and phrases such as “there has to be”, “to persevere”, “to resist”, “to liberate” and so on, Suu Kyi is evoking the spirit and mood of initiative and revolution. Hope is also evident as Suu Kyi makes it clear that the revolution is in order to change “official policies” and “build a nation”. The tone and mood of the text thus have a major role in emphasizing the meaning of the speech and serving the purpose of motivating the people.

Finally, the speech also makes use of some literary devices as is typically seen in political speeches. First of all at the beginning of the second paragraph the use of the religious reference “the saints, it has been said, are the sinners who go on trying” and the analogy formed between them and the “oppressed who keep on trying” lifts the status of the people and gives them motivation and a sense of importance further building trust between them and the speaker with ethos as well as building emotional connections with pathos. There is also constant repetition of freedom, liberation, and courage. The most effective political speeches use this repetition to make certain points memorable and easy to communicate amongst the masses. The fact that she also referred to historical references also demonstrates the success of similar philosophies in similar situations providing he with more ethos. The connotation of fear and a harsh tone by using words such as “death”, “imprisonment”, “death”, “torture”, “isolation” and “poverty” also evokes pathos within her speech as it appeals to their emotion of fear forming an emotional connection between her and the audience. Near the end of the speech she also metaphorically compares “concepts such as truth, Justice, and compassion”, to “the only bulwarks that stand against ruthless power.” This conveys the importance of truth, justice, and compassion to her philosophy and to her revolution, and being the concluding statement of the speech, leaves a lasting impact on the audience.

To conclude, ‘Freedom from Fear’ by Aung San Suu Kyi is a political speech with a purpose to gain support and motivation and to advocate for the cause of fearlessness and freedom from oppression. She is able to effectively convey her message and serve the purpose by manipulating content, tone, style, mood, theme and so on. She also uses a range of literary devices to further emphasize the speech and assist with motivating the people in addition to providing ethos, pathos and some forms of logos in her speech to justify her leadership and her cause. 

The Theme of Power in Coriolanus

Power is a theme ubiquitous throughout the plot of the play Coriolanus. This may arise from the nature of the setting of the play. a Post - monarchy Rome still searching for the perfect power dynamic in civilization. This predicament leads to tension and struggle between powerful individuals and social groups further emphasizing the theme of power. 

Coriolanus, the strong military leader is powerful in physique, strength and military expertise. He lacks weakness in all personal assets except for the art of speech, in which he evidently flounders to master multiple times throughout the plot. Shakespeare uses this character to demonstrate a contrast between physical or military strength, and political and social strength. 

This is efficaciously accented with the use of the character of Menenius possessing the abilities of speech and a smooth tongue that allow him to persuade and navigate the complex system of Roman Politics. His juxtaposition to Coriolanus also construes him as an ideal foil, emphasizing Coriolanus’ short comings. Similarly, Volumnia - Coriolanus' power driven mother– gains power through her poised articulation and early nurturing of her son. She is essentially the one who drives Coriolanus towards the world of politics, in which he is clearly ill-suited.

Finally, Aufidius, the general of the Volsces Army and arch nemesis of Coriolanus can be characterized as a conniving opportunistic individual. he can be seen taking advantage of situations and suppressing his anger and true emotions in order to manipulate such situations for his own prosperity.

Each of the characters depict a form of power and represent a sect of Roman Civilization. Therefore, Shakespeare is fundamentally correlating the death or fate of Coriolanus’ character to the maladjustment of military power in modern Rome.

Characterization of Coriolanus in Act 1

You can never be certain of the intentions of an author in their use of specific literary devices and choices. However, we can speculate and surmise the true purpose behind Shakespeare’s characterization of Caius Martius in Act 1 of ‘Coriolanus’.

The story of Coriolanus highlights the state of Rome during its post-monarchy transition after the fall of King Tarquin into the powerful military state it soon becomes. However, Shakespeare spotlights the chaos caused by the power vacuum ensued by the recent changes and the resulting power struggle between all demographics of the population, from the low-class Plebeians to the high-class Patricians. Military strength was one of the ways in which power and respect was gained at the time, a method which is evident in the character Coriolanus.

It is interesting to observe the way Shakespeare has split the character into two different personalities or characters. The setting is an important factor to note with this occurrence as each of those personalities correlates with the existence of the two separate world they live in. The first, we witness the arrogant, proud, ruthless and insulting component of Caius Martius which is witnessed in Rome when he confronts the Plebeians and verbally abuses them and undermines them. He is obviously a powerful character, however; his greatest shortcoming is in his speech. His words are depleted of emotion, elegance, and persuasion and instead are saturated with strong and provocative language, which can be seen when he asserts “I’d make a quarry with thousands of these quartered slaves…” – of course referring to the plebeians. Shakespeare further accentuates this characterization by using Menenius as a foil character with contrasting traits, such as his calm and polished speech and a respect to all.
  

Later on, however, the reader is swept into a seemingly alternate world and setting; that of the battlefield. Here Coriolanus dominates the script as well as the plot, he uses his firm and forceful diction to plant the seed of fear as well as bravery and unity in his soldier’s hearts. Backed by his military skill, he acts like a true leader would, with power as well as modesty. It’s as if Shakespeare has introduced the readers to a disparate character. Here, we are introduced to what is required to be successful in war and bloodshed and it is clear that Coriolanus maintains and fulfills this persona. However, Shakespeare does not conclude on this characteristic, he relates these two personalities to the overall plot of the play, reminding us that this is a political tragedy. Confident in his military prowess, Coriolanus believes that he can use it to argue for his worth in his election for Consul, but to no avail. The Plebeians recognize his valuable military strength and experience, however, his nature of employing strongly worded speech and his lack of respect towards the people, not only costs him the lucrative position of Consul but also his citizenship to Rome when he is banished. Coriolanus is also characterized by others in the play, most notably his mother Volumnia. It is clear that she has nurtured him in this violent environment and had the intention of shaping and molding him into the ruthless killer he became, dictating that “had I a dozen sons…I had rather had eleven die nobly for their country” and her bloodthirsty nature, envisioning her son with “his bloody brow with his mailing hand then wiping”.

Shakespeare essentially uses this conflict, between Coriolanus and the plebeians to demonstrate that even in Roman politics, military power and ruthlessness, did not necessarily commensurate political power. Shakespeare is also deeming his violent character unfit to rule in politics. Shakespeare also chooses against introducing or mentioning a father in the story at all, this is much in the same sense that Rome had just lost its king, which in this context could be seen as a father figure. Shakespeare is thus comparing the power struggles and unstable politics in Rome with the unstable character of Coriolanus. 

Language and Power

The correlation between language, power, and resistance can be illustrated with individual threads that are closely woven into a tight mesh. Ever since the creation of language, people have attached certain perceptions to the languages spoken. 

Recently I had the opportunity to read a text written by the feminist and social activist, bell hooks titles 'The Language of Power'. In the text, she delves into the idea of – what she labels – “the oppressors” language or the concept of language as a means of imposing power and dominance. In this case, she relates her interpretation with the black African population that were brought to America to serve as slaves. However, she also emphasized the way the Africans were able to claim and adopt the English language in a form of resistance and reasserting dominance in a new context.

One quote - which I felt significant - embodied this concept claiming “For in the incorrect usage of words, in the incorrect placement of words, was a spirit of rebellion that claimed language as a site of resistance. Using English in a way that ruptured standard usage and meaning, so that white folks could often not understand black speech, made English into more than the oppressor’s language. This beckoned me to explore other texts in which this theory was portrayed in different contexts.

One such text was a particular clip in the movie “Snatch”. In one scene, Tommy, a standard white British man speaking in a standard – closer to a prestige – dialect, is looking to purchase a caravan from a “Pikey” or a traveler speaking in a heavy Belfast accent. The Pikeys were usually regarded in a condescending manner amongst the white middle and upper class communities, which is clearly communicated in the movie. At some points during the conversation between the two characters, Tommy loses track of what Mickey – the Pikey – was saying, and would also have trouble understanding him. This is particularly asserted when Mickey used the word “dags” instead of “dogs” and leaves Tommy to figure the word out himself. The fact that Mickey refuses to simplify his dialect and make it more accessible to Tommy’s understanding shows how by altering the pronunciation and incorrect usage of words and phrases, he is able to assert dominance over the man and demonstrate resistance and rebellion. It is especially interesting to note that even though his attitude towards Tommy is not downright or distinctly aggressive, rude or disapproving, his use of language can carry the same tones.

This occurrence directly echoes hooks’ theory stated above and demonstrates its practice in contexts other than that just of the African Americans, thus supporting the idea of how language can be used as a form of resistance. 

Kuuk Thaayorre

Link For the newest edition of the Language Explorers Podcast: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljNkBk3cKWw

Language and Imagery in Discussing Language

It is fascinating to know that there are currently around 6500 languages being spoken around the world today. The sad truth is, however, that close to half of those are already endangered or near extinction. This shocking revelation was brought about by my recent indulgence in an article in time magazine written by James Geary where he discusses different examples of dying languages and the different ways language has been utilized throughout history.

As I was reading I suddenly realized the detail and care that Geary took with his use of language specifically towards this topic. He took advantage of the English language and included the use of imagery to convey his thoughts on the topic in question. Immediately from the start, it is clear that he is against the erosion of languages. In order to characterize this and convey this, he used words such as diaspora, shrinking and same when discussing, globalization and the way languages are becoming extinct. These words carry a negative connotation thus indicating the author's views. He also portrays the importance of language using metaphors and imagery. At one point, he forms a comparison between languages and living things and species. This effectively creates an emotional connection between the readers and the topic causing them to care. The phrase that communicates this best is when Geary states that “Any language is as divine and endless a mystery as a living organism.” This quote directly impacts the reader as it uses words such as divine and mystery which creates a vague and foggy yet magical image in their minds that they want to see more clearly. This idea continues when he then introduces a quote by Brazilian native language authority, Aryon Rodriguez, “The world is a mosaic of visions” and that each language is a piece of mosaic and with each extinction of a language a piece of the mosaic is lost. This again gives the reader the impression of an incomplete image and an emotional reason as to why they should care and be interested. Finally, even the use of the word extinct when referring to a language no longer spoken surrounds the reader with feelings of guilt and attention

Overall the reading was highly enjoyable and enlightening and James Geary utilized linguistic choices brilliantly to communicate the importance of language.  

Stereotyping in Advertising

In a world where advertising and controversy go hand in hand, and the industry is fueled by a hunger for profit despite the human consequences. It is inevitable to find cases of stereotyping in specific advertisements. The shocking thing is, most of these cases are unintended. It is intriguing to see that there are a large number of people who are unaware as to the effect, certain words, appearances, or phrases can have on a particular individual or social group. But are the stereotypes necessary? do they add some incentive for people to buy products? the simple answer in no, but yet again there never is a simple answer. This modern society is a kingdom in which media is King. From the very day that we are introduced to the world to the day we depart from it, ideologies, opinions, ideas and much more is embedded within us and is fed to us via media. The world of media sets itself up for success breeding us to believe whatever is said to us and forming stereotypes within us. Knowing this, advertisers use this information to produce an advertisement that pulls all the right strings within us. When viewing an advertisement, we almost view it subconsciously rather than analyze it in detail, picking up on what appeals to us the most. The smallest of decisions such as choosing a tall man instead of a short one, a man instead of a woman, or a white man as opposed to a black man, can cause certain emotions within us that usually serve the purpose of persuading us to consume a product. By no means does this make it justifiable, in fact, it is near abhorring the way stereotyping can be used to manipulate us, and the way people overlook it. 

Just recently I saw an Ad made by the popular rapper and film-maker "Tyler the Creator" for mountain Dew. I realized that some of the ideas he put into the video, and some of the scenes could be seen as offensive to women and to the African American community. However, upon first seeing the video I saw many faces around me that saw nothing wrong with it. To be completely honest, I also would have been at a loss on how this would be offensive except that I anticipating it. I speculated that this may be because I do not associate with either one of the two races that the offense would have been received from. This provoked my understanding of how it was entirely possible for advertisers to make such mistakes without completely recognizing them. 

But this is no excuse for the harm and offense that they may direct towards people. In fact, I believe that it should be a moral responsibility for advertisers and people in a mass media to avoid stereotypes, racism, and other offenses.